. . . g o i n g o n e s t e p f u r t h e r
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Sof tware
Feeding Organs and Metabolism in the Human Body
Proteins, carbohydrates and fats as components of our nutrition, minerals and vitamins, nutriment
entails foodstuff intake, digestion and resorption, health through a balanced diet, mouth, gullet and
oesophagus, tooth forms, tooth development, tooth renewal, milk teeth and permanent teeth, cavity-
causing bacteria, salivary glands: structure, location and function, human stomach, cardia, fundus,
pylorus, function of the gastric glands, intestine and digestion process, location and points of support of
the digestive organs. Intestine wall layers, villi, crypts, glands, fine structure of the intestinal villus,
human large intestine (colon), digestive enzymes as organic catalysts, constructive metabolism (anab-
olism) and destructive metabolism (catabolism, conversion to energy), function of human liver and
pancreas, the liver’s glandular character and its function, affections of the pancreas, function of islets
of Langerhans, insulin and diabetes. Function of human urinary organs: kidneys, ureter and urinary
bladder, detoxification of the body by the kidneys as a fundamental, vital process, the human body
water and salt budget.
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Sense Organs as a Window to the World
The sense organs have the task of furnishing information to the individual about himself and his en-
vironment. The ability to perceive stimuli and react to them is, together with the capacity for move-
ment, nourishing oneself and reproducing, one of the primordial characteristics of living protoplasm.
Even amoebae react to touch and light, as well as to chemical and temperature stimuli. Over the
course of evolution, first some individual cells and then complex organ systems specialized in per-
ceiving and processing stimuli. The nature of light, eye and retina structure, accommodation and
adaptation, image formation, movement vision, spatial vision (depth perception). Connection mecha-
nisms in the retina and the brain, the physiological-psychological components of visual perception,
ocular affections, optical illusions, colour vision and colour blindness, colours and psyche, ear and
hearing, formation of sound waves. Development and structure of the human ear, middle ear, inner
ear, cochlea, organ of Corti, directional hearing, hearing centres, structure of the labyrinth, percep-
tion of rotation and spatial orientation. The chemical senses, the sense of smell, location of the olfac-
tory region, nose conchas and olfactory epithelium. The sense of taste, the tongue’s tasting areas,
papilla foliata, vallate papilla and fungiform papilla, fine structure. The skin as organ of touch, touch
corpuscles, warmth and cold receptors, sense of temperature and thermal receptors, pressure recep-
tors, sensitivity differences caused by touch stimulation, conscious awareness of the position and
muscle movements, muscle spindle and Golgi tendon apparatus, processing of self-awareness infor-
mation.
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The Human Respiratory and Circulatory Systems, the Human Heart
The pathways through which oxygen reaches the cells varies from organism to organism. In the case
of unicellular beings, oxygen diffuses directly from the environment into the cell. In the case of high-
er organisms, including humans, a transportation system in the body distributes oxygen taken from
the environment by a specialized organ (gills, lungs). Nose and nostrils, the larynx as respiratory and
voice organ, windpipe (trachea), lung position and structure, alveoli, blood irrigation, gaseous ex-
change, volume of air respired, regulation of breathing, lung diseases, damage of the breathing
organs caused by environmental factors. Blood as mediator between the cells in the body and the
environment: using the circulatory pathways, blood transports different substances: nutrients, respir-
atory gases, intermediate and end products of metabolism, active substances and substances of the
immune system. Blood components, blood groups, blood clotting, antibodies, rhesus intolerance.
Lymphatic system, the human immune system and its functions, anatomy of the heart, cardiac valves,
heart muscles, functions and impulses. Electrocardiogram, blood circulation, arteries, veins and cap
illaries. Regulation of blood pressure, measuring blood pressure, exchange of substances between
capillaries and tissues.
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Hormones, Hormone System and Control
Hormones are substances produced chiefly by the endocrine glands. They are brought by the blood
stream to the areas of the body where they exert their effect and influence through ferments the
most important vital processes, such as metabolism, development and growth. They adapt the body
to different environmental conditions and safeguard the preservation of the species. Alterations of
hormone balance can have serious physical and psychological consequences. Nature and function of
hormones. Thyroxin, adrenaline, insulin, sexual hormones, hormones of the hypophysis, effects of
castration, human dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly and obesity, the thymus, development of hor-
mone glands. Control of hormone release, interaction between releasing and gonadotropic hormone,
feedback control of peripheral hormones, influence on gene activity, protein synthesis, neurosecre-
tion, second messenger, cascade mechanism. Dovetailed operation of different hormones, inhibiting
and stimulating factors, synthetic hormones, regulation of blood sugar content, stress, heart infarct,
animal production, anabolica, pills, insect hormones, plant hormones, auxin.
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